Introduction
‘Protectionism’ means stifling competition and imports to safeguard domestic industry and so tax revenue. Most European governments were guilty of it in the seventeenth century (they still are) and the Scots were feeling the pinch of it.
IN 1603, King James VI of Scotland became James I of England too, and he and his son Charles I held two crowns and summoned two Parliaments, Westminster and Edinburgh, until 1649 when Westminster had Charles summarily executed.
Two years later, the newly republican English Parliament then passed the first Navigation Act, shutting out Dutch competition in the belief that imports made the country poorer.* Scotland was frozen out of England’s single market too, required to use English ports and currency and pay English taxes to access England’s colonial markets.*
Disappointingly, the Restoration saw England’s stranglehold tighten, and when Westminster unilaterally ousted James VII and II in 1688 and handpicked his daughter Mary and her Dutch husband William instead, outraged Scottish statesmen began to whisper of nominating their own Head of State again.
But independence requires an income. So in 1695, with Edinburgh’s blessing, the Company of Scotland raised enormous sums from private donors to found Caledonia, Scotland’s own colony on the Isthmus of Darien.*
The Act was annulled in 1660 along with all other laws passed in the Interregnum, but immediately reinstated and new provisions introduced to control particular imports. All the Navigation Acts were finally repealed in 1849 in the interests of free trade, encouraged by the groundbreaking economics of Adam Smith – a Scotsman.
Eighteenth-century ‘mercantilist’ wisdom was that a nation’s wealth was its gold reserves, which were increased by absorbing new colonies, mining their gold, employing (or enslaving) their labour, taxing their trade, and taxing exports to foreign nations. Imports from foreign competitors were discouraged, as they were blamed for taking gold out the country. Crony enterprises such as the East India Company helped the Treasury to keep it all in-house.
Now the Isthmus of Panama: for the location, see Puerto Escocés at Google maps. The colony was located in a natural bay on the eastern (Atlantic) side, washed by the Caribbean Sea, at the southern end of the isthmus near what is now the border with Colombia. The chief settlement was named New Edinburgh; today it is called Puerto Escocés, Scottish Port. Not to be confused with New Caledonia in the South Pacific, an island under French administration 750 miles east of Australia first sighted by Captain Cook in 1774, who was reminded of Scotland.
Précis
In 1695, the Scottish Parliament formed a company to found Caledonia, a new colony in modern-day Panama, to circumvent England’s tight control of trade with colonies in North America. Scotland had been frozen out of international trade during Cromwell’s Interregnum, and although Edinburgh now shared one monarch with Westminster again, the two Parliaments were still treated very differently. (58 / 60 words)
In 1695, the Scottish Parliament formed a company to found Caledonia, a new colony in modern-day Panama, to circumvent England’s tight control of trade with colonies in North America. Scotland had been frozen out of international trade during Cromwell’s Interregnum, and although Edinburgh now shared one monarch with Westminster again, the two Parliaments were still treated very differently.
Variations: 1.increase the length of this precis to exactly 65 words. 2.reduce the length of this precis to exactly 55 words. 3.introduce one of the following words into the precis: besides, if, just, may, not, ought, unless, whether.
Word Games
Sevens Based on this passage
Suggest answers to this question. See if you can limit one answer to exactly seven words.
Variations: 1.expand your answer to exactly fourteen words. 2.expand your answer further, to exactly twenty-one words. 3.include one of the following words in your answer: if, but, despite, because, (al)though, unless.
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