The Copy Book

The Peninsular War

Part 2 of 2

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The Peninsular War

By Thomas Lawrence (1769-1830), via the Gordon Highlanders Museum and Wikimedia Commons. Licence: Public domain. Source
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General Sir John Moore (1761-1809) painted by Thomas Lawrence (1769-1830). Moore died on January 16th, 1809, at the Battle of Corunna (or Elviña), struck in the shoulder by a cannonball. The British campaign had been plagued by storms, indiscipline and sickness, and the best Moore could do was manage a retreat and scramble for their waiting ships, leaving Madrid to the French. At home and in Spain, Moore was widely blamed, but arguably he had bought time; at any rate, Napoleon failed to capitalise, and Corunna proved a turning point after all.

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By Thomas Lawrence (1769-1830), via the Gordon Highlanders Museum and Wikimedia Commons. Licence: Public domain.

General Sir John Moore (1761-1809) painted by Thomas Lawrence (1769-1830). Moore died on January 16th, 1809, at the Battle of Corunna (or Elviña), struck in the shoulder by a cannonball. The British campaign had been plagued by storms, indiscipline and sickness, and the best Moore could do was manage a retreat and scramble for their waiting ships, leaving Madrid to the French. At home and in Spain, Moore was widely blamed, but arguably he had bought time; at any rate, Napoleon failed to capitalise, and Corunna proved a turning point after all.

Continued from Part 1

THE quixotic gesture appeared downright irresponsible after Sir John Moore lost his life at Corunna on January 16th, 1809. The engagement should have seen the British army drive the French from Spain, but turned into a desperate scramble to evacuate by sea. Though adjudged a strategic victory today, at the time it felt more like a defeat.

The Prime Minister, Lord Liverpool, turned once more to Sir Arthur Wellesley to restore order and pride. Wellesley went back to Portugal and, helped by Portuguese units under his command and by Spanish guerillas, advanced victory by victory into Spain until Joseph was routed at Vitoria on 21st June, 1813. The allies now crossed the Pyrenees into France, and Napoleon, still smarting from his ignominious retreat from Moscow,* was forced to abdicate on April 6th, 1814. Wellesley was granted the title of Duke of Wellington for his efforts in the Peninsular War, and Ludwig van Beethoven composed a Battle Symphony (also known as Wellington’s Victory) in his honour.

Fearing an Anglo-Russian alliance, he had attempted a pre-emptive strike. It went badly awry, and the Emperor abandoned most of his army at Vilnius in Lithuania, and hurried back to safety in Paris. See Retreat from Moscow.

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Word Games

Spinners Find in Think and Speak

For each group of words, compose a sentence that uses all three. You can use any form of the word: for example, cat → cats, go → went, or quick → quickly, though neigh → neighbour is stretching it a bit.

This exercise uses words found in the accompanying passage.

1 Battle. Forty. Provide.

2 Command. Now. Their.

3 Cordial. Evacuate. Safe.

Variations: 1. include direct and indirect speech 2. include one or more of these words: although, because, despite, either/or, if, unless, until, when, whether, which, who 3. use negatives (not, isn’t, neither/nor, never, nobody etc.)

Statements, Questions and Commands Find in Think and Speak

Use each word below in a sentence. Try to include at least one statement, one question and one command among your sentences. Note that some verbs make awkward or meaningless words of command, e.g. need, happen.

This exercise uses words found in the accompanying passage.

1 Fight. 2 Force. 3 Command. 4 Advance. 5 Ship. 6 Turn. 7 Include. 8 Help. 9 War.

Variations: 1. use a minimum of seven words for each sentence 2. include negatives, e.g. isn’t, don’t, never 3. use the words ‘must’ to make commands 4. compose a short dialogue containing all three kinds of sentence: one statement, one question and one command

Homophones Find in Think and Speak

In each group below, you will find words that sound the same, but differ in spelling and also in meaning. Compose your own sentences to bring out the differences between them.

This exercise uses words found in the accompanying passage.

1. There. Their. 2. Throne. Thrown. 3. Sees. Seas. Seize. 4. But. Butt. 5. Scene. Seen. 6. Pride. Pried. 7. Rows. Rose. 8. Roil. Royal. 9. Him. Hymn.

Add Vowels Find in Think and Speak

Make words by adding vowels to each group of consonants below. You may add as many vowels as you like before, between or after the consonants, but you may not add any consonants or change the order of those you have been given. See if you can beat our target of common words.

tts (5+4)

See Words

teats. tits. totes. tots. touts.

toots. tootsie. tuts. tutus.

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