Introduction
John Dalton (1766-1844) and his contemporary Sir Humphrey Davy could not have been less alike. Davy was a gifted communicator with an international profile; Dalton was tongue-tied and uncomfortable south of Cheshire. But both made historic discoveries, and where Davy left us Faraday, Dalton gave us Joule.
JOHN Dalton, a weaver’s boy, began his teaching career at fifteen, helping his elder brother to run a Quaker school in Kendal. He deepened his education by contributing maths problems to The Ladies’ Diary,* and reading scientific works to Kendal’s distinguished natural philosopher John Gough, who was blind, in exchange for lessons in Latin and Greek.
At twenty-seven, Dalton took up a post as a lecturer in mathematics in Manchester.* His interests included colour-blindness, from which he suffered himself and of which he gave the first detailed description; the pressure and expansion of gases, contributing Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures and tutoring James Joule;* and meteorology, climbing and mapping Cumbria’s mountains for his measurements.
In 1805, Dalton made history with the first scientific theory of the atom and relative atomic weights, and in 1808 added Dalton’s Law of Multiple Proportions.* He was rewarded with Fellowships at the Royal Society and the French Academy of Sciences, and his work remains the basis of modern chemistry.
See our story The Ladies’ Diary.
As he was a Quaker and not a member of the Church of England, Dalton was barred by the Test Acts from holding office in Britain’s only recognised Universities, Oxford and Cambridge. However, other Dissenters had set up a rival, private and very distinguished Academy at Warrington in Cheshire, which by the time Dalton joined had reformed as Manchester New College. A few years after the repeal of the Test Acts in 1871, the college settled in Oxford, and is now called Harris Manchester College.
Visit Wikipedia for Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures. James Joule (1818-1889) was a brewer who made historic contributions to the science of heat and energy; the SI derived unit of energy, the joule, is named after him.
Visit Wikipedia for Relative atomic mass and Dalton’s Law of Multiple Proportions. The unified atomic mass unit is the dalton.
Archive
Word Games
Spinners Find in Think and Speak
For each group of words, compose a sentence that uses all three. You can use any form of the word: for example, cat → cats, go → went, or quick → quickly, though neigh → neighbour is stretching it a bit.
This exercise uses words found in the accompanying passage.
1 Include. Math. Problem.
2 Diary. Elder. His.
3 Career. Deepen. Post.
Variations: 1. include direct and indirect speech 2. include one or more of these words: although, because, despite, either/or, if, unless, until, when, whether, which, who 3. use negatives (not, isn’t, neither/nor, never, nobody etc.)
Statements, Questions and Commands Find in Think and Speak
Use each word below in a sentence. Try to include at least one statement, one question and one command among your sentences. Note that some verbs make awkward or meaningless words of command, e.g. need, happen.
This exercise uses words found in the accompanying passage.
1 Post. 2 Add. 3 Gas. 4 Contribute. 5 Begin. 6 Pressure. 7 Include. 8 Exchange. 9 Make.
Variations: 1. use a minimum of seven words for each sentence 2. include negatives, e.g. isn’t, don’t, never 3. use the words ‘must’ to make commands 4. compose a short dialogue containing all three kinds of sentence: one statement, one question and one command
Opposites Find in Think and Speak
Suggest words or phrases that seem opposite in meaning to each of the words below. We have suggested some possible answers; see if you can find any others.
This exercise uses words found in the accompanying passage.
Variations: 1.instead of opposites, suggest words of similar meaning (synonyms). 2.use a word and its opposite in the same sentence. 3.suggest any 5 opposites formed by adding im-.
High Tiles Find in Think and Speak
Make words (three letters or more) from the seven letters showing below, using any letter once only. Each letter carries a score. What is the highest-scoring word you can make?
Your Words ()
