Lilies of the Field

NO doubt there are modern Mr Gradgrinds* who consider the ant and the bee examples more suitable for Africans than the birds of the air and the lilies of the field.* Napoleon attempted, without conspicuous success, to exclude political and speculative subjects from the instruction given in the colleges of France. Authoritarians in Kenya are not likely to be more successful.

The reader may consider that too much attention has been paid to these false educational ideals. He may be assured that in Africa the obscurantist is an even greater danger than the exploiter. What the African in Kenya needs is knowledge, enlightenment, the acquisition of the appetite which makes men seek the truth. He needs these exactly as the whole human race needs them. He not only needs them but wants them. No people in the world has a keener appetite for education or a greater aptitude for learning. They have as much right as we to understand the world we both live in, and far greater need of knowledge as a defence against oppression.

Abridged

Abridged from ‘Kenya’ (1924) by Dr Norman Leys (1875-1944).

* Thomas Gradgrind is a character from Charles Dickens’s novel Hard Times (1854), a school board Superintendent whose educational philosophy was relentlessly utilitarian. For him, to teach is to pour facts into the ‘little pitchers’ that are boys and girls; a teacher is a fact-checker who piously no-platforms anyone whose worldview does not accord with his own. ‘We don’t want to know anything about that, here’ he scolds Sissy Jupe when she explains that her father works for Sleary’s circus. ‘You mustn’t tell us about that, here.’

* The ant and the bee are insects famous for co-ordinated industry and obedient productivity; the birds of the air and the lilies of the field are symbols of happy-go-lucky independence. The reference is to Matthew 6:25-34, where Jesus says that earthly necessities and anxieties should not dominate our lives. “But seek ye first the kingdom of God,” Jesus ends, “and his righteousness; and all these things shall be added unto you.”

Précis
Leys developed his point, comparing the Kenyan curriculum with the blinkered ideology of Dickens’s Mr Gradgrind. He argued that Africans both needed and wanted an education which enlarged both mind and heart, and went so far as to say that even colonial greed was not as serious a threat to Kenyans as failing to satisfy their appetite for free inquiry.
Questions for Critics

1. What is the author aiming to achieve in writing this?

2. Note any words, devices or turns of phrase that strike you. How do they help the author communicate his ideas more effectively?

3. What impression does this passage make on you? How might you put that impression into words?

Based on The English Critic (1939) by NL Clay, drawing on The New Criticism: A Lecture Delivered at Columbia University, March 9, 1910, by J. E. Spingarn, Professor of Comparative Literature in Columbia University, USA.

Sevens

Suggest answers to this question. See if you can limit one answer to exactly seven words.

Who was Thomas Gradgrind?

Suggestion

A character in Charles Dickens’s ‘Hard Times.’

Jigsaws

Express the ideas below in a single sentence, using different words as much as possible. Do not be satisfied with the first answer you think of; think of several, and choose the best.

Leys disliked the Kenyan school curriculum. He said the authors were like Mr Gradgrind.

See if you can include one or more of these words in your answer.

ICriticise. IILiken. IIIWrite.

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