Introduction
‘London Characters’ was a tissue of light-hearted observations on everyday life in the capital written by Henry Mayhew, co-founder of the satirical magazine ‘Punch’. Mayhew made a career out of satisfying the middle classes’ curiosity about the working man, something the working man did not always appreciate.
IMPRANSUS Jones* did a neat thing the other day. He got into a cab, when, after a bit, he recollected that he had no money, or chance of borrowing any. He suddenly checked the driver in a great hurry, and said he had dropped a sovereign in the straw.* He told the cabman that he would go to a friend’s a few doors off and get a light. As he was pretending to do so, the cabman, as Jones had expected, drove off rapidly. Thus the biter is sometimes bit.
There is a clergyman in London who tells a story of a cabman driving him home, and to whom he was about to pay two shillings.* He took the coins out of his waistcoat pocket, and then suddenly recollecting the peculiar glitter, he called out, “Stop, cabman, I’ve given you two sovereigns by mistake.” “Then your honour’s seen the last of them,” said the cabman, flogging into his horse as fast as he could. Then my friend felt again, and found that he had given to the cabman two bright new farthings which he had that day received, and was keeping as a curiosity for his children.*
A pseudonym, possibly for the author: one of the sections in ‘London Characters’ is supposedly written by a Mr Jones. Impransus is Latin for ‘dinner-less’, and was frequently used in the Victorian era and before as a humorous way of saying ‘broke’. Dr Johnson once signed a letter to his publisher with ‘Impransus’.
A sovereign is a gold coin worth one pound sterling. Although they are not normally used today, sovereigns remain in circulation and are still minted at the Royal Mint in Wales and under licence in India. A dropped sovereign in 1880 was roughly equivalent to a mislaid £91 in 2017. See Measuring Worth.
On Britain’s former coinage, prior to decimalisation in 1970, a shilling was one twentieth of a pound, or twelve pennies (a pound was 240 pennies). A fare of two shillings was roughly equivalent to £9 in 2017.
A farthing was a quarter of a penny: two farthings made a ha’penny. A penny in 1880 would be around 37p in 2017. So the cabman gave up £9 (two shillings) in the belief he had got away with £180 (2 sovereigns), whereas in fact he had about 18p (two farthings).
Précis
Henry Mayhew told two anecdotes about cabbies in Victorian London. One told how a Mr Jones avoided paying his fare by pretending he had dropped a sovereign, so the cabbie would take off without asking questions. Another told how a cabbie drove off thinking he had been overpaid with two sovereigns, whereas he had been underpaid with shiny farthings. (59 / 60 words)
Henry Mayhew told two anecdotes about cabbies in Victorian London. One told how a Mr Jones avoided paying his fare by pretending he had dropped a sovereign, so the cabbie would take off without asking questions. Another told how a cabbie drove off thinking he had been overpaid with two sovereigns, whereas he had been underpaid with shiny farthings.
Variations: 1.increase the length of this precis to exactly 65 words. 2.reduce the length of this precis to exactly 55 words. 3.introduce one of the following words into the precis: besides, despite, if, may, must, or, whether, who.
Archive
Word Games
Sevens Based on this passage
Suggest answers to this question. See if you can limit one answer to exactly seven words.
Variations: 1.expand your answer to exactly fourteen words. 2.expand your answer further, to exactly twenty-one words. 3.include one of the following words in your answer: if, but, despite, because, (al)though, unless.
Jigsaws Based on this passage
Express the ideas below in a single sentence, using different words as much as possible. Do not be satisfied with the first answer you think of; think of several, and choose the best.
Spinners Find in Think and Speak
For each group of words, compose a sentence that uses all three. You can use any form of the word: for example, cat → cats, go → went, or quick → quickly, though neigh → neighbour is stretching it a bit.
This exercise uses words found in the accompanying passage.
1 His. Take. Your.
2 Could. Day. Get.
3 Door. Few. Stop.
Variations: 1. include direct and indirect speech 2. include one or more of these words: although, because, despite, either/or, if, unless, until, when, whether, which, who 3. use negatives (not, isn’t, neither/nor, never, nobody etc.)
Add Vowels Find in Think and Speak
Make words by adding vowels to each group of consonants below. You may add as many vowels as you like before, between or after the consonants, but you may not add any consonants or change the order of those you have been given. See if you can beat our target of common words.
grds (5+1)
girds. gourds. grades. grids. guards.
grads.
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