© Peter Trimming, Wikimedia Commons. Licence: CC BY-SA 2.0.

A water vole (arvicola amphibius) at the British Wildlife Centre in Newchapel, Surrey. ‘Ratty’ was not scientifically a water rat; water rat is informal English term for the water vole.

Messing About in Boats

THEN he held up his forepaw as the Mole stepped gingerly down. ‘Lean on that!’ he said. ‘Now then, step lively!’ and the Mole to his surprise and rapture found himself actually seated in the stern* of a real boat.

‘This has been a wonderful day!’ said he, as the Rat shoved off and took to the sculls again. ‘Do you know, I’ve never been in a boat before in all my life.’

‘What?’ cried the Rat, open-mouthed: ‘Never been in a — you never — well I — what have you been doing, then?’

‘Is it so nice as all that? asked the Mole shyly, though he was quite prepared to believe it as he leant back in his seat and surveyed the cushions, the oars, the rowlocks,* and all the fascinating fittings, and felt the boat sway lightly under him.

‘Nice? It’s the only thing,’ said the Water Rat solemnly, as he leant forward for his stroke. Believe me, my young friend, there is nothing — absolute nothing — half so much worth doing as simply messing about in boats. Simply messing,’ he went on dreamily: ‘messing — about — in — boats; messing——

‘Look ahead, Rat!’ cried the Mole suddenly.

From ‘The Wind in the Willows’ (1908), by Kenneth Grahame (1859-1932).

* The stern is the rear of a boat, in contrast with the bow (rhymes with cow) at the front.

* A rowlock (pronounced rollock) is a fitting, typically in the shape of a small hoop, fixed to the gunwale (pronounced gunell) of rowing boat, that keeps an oar in place and acts as a fulcrum.

Précis
The Mole steps gingerly into the boat, and off they go, Rat pulling on the oars, and Mole thinking it the best day of his life. Rat can scarcely believe that this is Mole’s first river trip, and is so carried away by his raptures on rowing that Mole has to warn him of danger ahead.
Questions for Critics

1. What is the author aiming to achieve in writing this?

2. Note any words, devices or turns of phrase that strike you. How do they help the author communicate his ideas more effectively?

3. What impression does this passage make on you? How might you put that impression into words?

Based on The English Critic (1939) by NL Clay, drawing on The New Criticism: A Lecture Delivered at Columbia University, March 9, 1910, by J. E. Spingarn, Professor of Comparative Literature in Columbia University, USA.

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