In the 8th century, the Roman Empire based in Constantinople suddenly banned sacred art in churches, in stark contrast to Britain, where it was flourishing following the Gregorian mission of 597. Emperor Leo’s chief critic was St John of Damascus, who (like the British) lived outside the Empire, and was able to campaign without fear of reprisals.

John of Damascus argued that contrary to Imperial propaganda, Scripture does not forbid sacred images, but actively commissions them for the Temple. He added that they reflect God’s own incarnation, giving flesh to the word. His arguments led to the restoration of icons at an Imperial Council in 787, which was reconfirmed in 843.

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