A Tail of Woe

WHEN he saw me so close by, he leapt off and went his way. I went to her in great heaviness. I went deep in that mire and water before I could break the ice, and she suffered great pain until she could remove her tail; and even then she left a gobbet behind. And it seemed as if both would lose our lives; for before she came out she howled and cried so loud with the smart that she had, that the men of the village came out with staves and billhooks,* with flails* and pitchforks, and the wives with their distaves,* and cried contemptuously ‘Kill them, kill them, strike them right down!’ I was never so afraid in my life.

Narrowly we escaped. Had it not been night, we would certainly have been killed. They said we had worried their sheep, and cursed us with many a curse. We came to a field full of brambles and they dared follow us no further by night, but returned home. Behold, my lord, this foul business — this is murder,* and rape, and treason, and you ought to do justice on it sharply.

modernised, abridged

From ‘The History of Reynard the Fox’ (1899) translated by William Caxton (published June 1481) edited by Edward Arber (1836-1912). Caxton’s original text has been modernised and abridged for this passage.

* A billhook is an agricultural tool in the form of a short, broad blade bent round at the tip, with a wooden handle.

* A flail is a tool for use in threshing grain, in the form of a long stick with a cord or something similar attached to the end, and wielded like a whip.

* A distaff (plural distaffs or distaves) is a short stick or spindle upon which coarse fibres are wound, so they can be gradually drawn off and spun into thread using a spinning wheel.

* Isegrim is referring to the whole matter of Reynard’s crimes, which included the murder of poor Kyward, the Hare.

Précis
Reynard fled when he spotted Isegrim, who was then obliged to rescue Erswynd from the ice. The operation was painful, and Erswynd’s involuntary cries brought angry villagers ready to kill the wolves if they could. Isegrim testified that the couple had barely escaped with their lives, and urged the King to punish the Fox appropriately.
Questions for Critics

1. What is the author aiming to achieve in writing this?

2. Note any words, devices or turns of phrase that strike you. How do they help the author communicate his ideas more effectively?

3. What impression does this passage make on you? How might you put that impression into words?

Based on The English Critic (1939) by NL Clay, drawing on The New Criticism: A Lecture Delivered at Columbia University, March 9, 1910, by J. E. Spingarn, Professor of Comparative Literature in Columbia University, USA.

Read Next

The Seikilos Epitaph

Lost for seventeen centuries, caught up in a war, and used as a pedestal for a plant pot, this is the world’s oldest surviving song.

It is a Beauteous Evening

Walking with his ten-year-old daughter on the beach at Calais, Wordsworth considers the energy of God moving in all things.

The Good Reign of Bad King John

Lord Macaulay believed that the disastrous reign of King John brought the country together.