The Verdict of History

THE inflexible integrity of the moral code is to me the secret of the authority, the dignity, the utility of history. If we may debase the currency for the sake of genius or success or reputation, we may debase it for the sake of a man's influence, of his religion, of his party, of the good cause which prospers by his credit and suffers by his disgrace. Then History ceases to be a science, an arbiter of controversy, a guide of the wanderer; it serves where it ought to reign, and it serves the worst cause better than the purest.

Of course I know that you do sometimes censure great men severely; but the doctrine I am contesting appears in your preface. I am sure you will take this long and contentious letter* more as a testimony of hearty confidence and respect than of hostility, although as far as I grasp your method I do not agree with it. Mine seems to me plainer and safer.

abridged by Louise Creighton

As abridged in ‘Life and letters of Mandell Creighton, sometime Bishop of London’ Vol. I (1904) by Louise Creighton (1850-1936). Louise was Mandell’s wife. The offending passage came in the Preface to ‘A History of the Papacy During the Period of the Reformation’ Volume III (1887), by Mandell Creighton (1843-1901). Additional information from ‘Chartism’ (1840) by Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881) and ‘The Memoirs Of Aga Khan’ (1945), by Sir Sultan Mahomed Shah, Aga Khan III (1877-1957), with an introduction by W. Somerset Maugham.

* The strength of Acton’s feeling had certainly taken Creighton aback. “Now he sends me a review” Creighton complained to his publisher, with gentle remonstrance, “which reads to me like the utterances of a man who is in a furious passion, but is incapable of clear expression”. Perhaps that is because Acton was not really attacking Creighton: his target was an imaginary historian who might take Creighton’s method too far, the historian who for religion, for party or for a ‘good cause’ is willing to hire himself out to the Powerful by suppressing uncomfortable facts. It was Creighton’s misfortune that his mildness awoke a slumbering grievance.

Précis
Acton insisted he had no respect for the waspishness of a Thomas Carlyle, and conceded that Creighton was better in practice than theory: but he warned that the historian who turns a blind eye to great crimes out of humility opens the door to the historian who does it out of bias, and however unwittingly robs History of all value.
Questions for Critics

1. What is the author aiming to achieve in writing this?

2. Note any words, devices or turns of phrase that strike you. How do they help the author communicate his ideas more effectively?

3. What impression does this passage make on you? How might you put that impression into words?

Based on The English Critic (1939) by NL Clay, drawing on The New Criticism: A Lecture Delivered at Columbia University, March 9, 1910, by J. E. Spingarn, Professor of Comparative Literature in Columbia University, USA.

Read Next

Long Ben

An English sailor became the target of the first worldwide manhunt following an audacious act of piracy.

An Odious Monopoly

The privileges granted to European merchants in fifteenth-century London led to seething resentment in the City.

Androcles and the Lion

Gaius Caesar is disappointed with the quality of the entertainment on offer in Rome’s Circus Maximus.