Main Text

In 1292, John Balliol became King of Scots thanks to the baffling decision of the Scottish noblemen to let King Edward I of England decide between John and his rival for the crown, Robert de Brus, Lord of Annandale. Edward immediately let it be known that he regarded John as his vassal, and Scotland as an English fiefdom; but John Barbour felt that no Scottish King should serve two masters.

Abridged.

AH! freedom is a noble thing. Freedom makes a man to have zest in life, and gives him all comfort. He that lives free, lives at ease. A noble heart can have no ease, nor aught else to pleasure it, if freedom fail. For liberty to please oneself is desired above all things.

Nor may he who has always been free well know the actual state, the suffering and wretchedness, that are coupled with foul thraldom. But if he had made trial of it, then should he know it all by heart, and should think freedom more to be prized than all the gold in the world. Thus ever more do untoward things make evident their opposites. He that is thrall has nought his own; all that he has is abandoned to his lord, whoever he be. He has not even so much freedom as to leave alone, or do, the desire of his heart.

Clerks may question,⁠ when they fall into debate, whether, if a man bid his thrall do aught, and at the same time the thrall’s wife come to him and demand her due, he should leave undone his lord’s behest, and first pay his debt, and afterwards fulfil his lord’s command, or leave his wife unpaid, and do what he is ordered. I leave the solution to them of more renown. But since they make such comparison between the duties of marriage and a lord’s bidding to his thrall, ye may see verily, though none tell you, how hard a thing this thraldom is. For wise men know well that marriage is the strongest bond that any man can undertake.⁠

But thraldom is far worse than death. As long as a thrall lives it mars him, body and bones, while death troubles him but once.

Footnotes

Footnote

Clerks

Barbour was Archdeacon of the Kirk of St Machar in Aberdeen, and himself a clerk of audit to the Royal Household.

Footnote

The strongest bond

Barbour’s argument is that if a serf owes a duty to his lord akin to the marriage bond, a married serf is in a terrible position because he must decide whether his first duty is to his lord or to his wife. John Balliol was on the horns of the same dilemma: whether his first duty was to his master Edward I, or to his wife the Scottish people. For Barbour, no King or State should ever drift into such a conflict of loyalties. Scotland’s king must be sovereign, and not subject to a foreign lord. (Barbour’s argument is a little blurred today because ever since Scotsman James VI became James I of England in 1603, the King of Scotland and the King of England has been the same person; a closer modern parallel might be Scotland’s relationship with the European Union.)

Author Details

John Barbour
Source
Abridged from ‘The Bruce’ compiled in 1375 by John Barbour (?1320-1395), edited (1907) by George Eyre-Todd (1862-1937).

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