In 1038, Norwegian prince Harald Hardrada found himself fighting in Sicily as captain of the Varangian Guard alongside a Roman general, George. Since the two jockeyed endlessly for position, the others got them to draw lots for top dog status. Each marked his ballot, and to ensure (as he said) that his mark was different, Harald asked to see George’s.

The winning lot was drawn by a third party. As soon as it appeared, Harald grabbed it, claimed it was his, and threw it into the sea. George complained, but Harald when they examined the losing ballot it had George’s mark on it, so everyone agree he had lost. From that moment, Harald was given first choice in everything.

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