Vortigern’s Tower

THEN said Merlin, who was also called Ambrose,* “I entreat your majesty would command your workmen to dig into the ground, and you will find a pond which causes the foundation to sink.”

This accordingly was done, and then presently they found a pond deep under ground, which had made it give way. Merlin after this went again to the magicians, and said, “Tell me, ye false sycophants, what is there under the pond.” But they were silent. Then said he again to the king, “Command the pond to be drained, and at the bottom you will see two hollow stones, and in them two dragons asleep.”*

The king made no scruple of believing him, since he had found true what he said of the pond, and therefore ordered it to be drained: which done, he found as Merlin had said; and now was possessed with the greatest admiration of him. Nor were the rest that were present less amazed at his wisdom, thinking it to be no less than divine inspiration.

, tr A. Thompson.

From The British History of Geoffrey of Monmouth (1842) by Geoffrey of Monmouth, Bishop of St Asaph’s, translated from the Latin by A. Thompson, revised by J. A. Giles.

Geoffrey combines two distinct figures here. One is Ambrosius Aurelianus (in Welsh, Emrys Wledig) who is attested by the sixth-century chronicler Gildas as the son of a Roman consul and a great warrior; Nennius’s tale of Vortigern’s tower is a tale about Ambrose. The other is a legendary Welsh prophet named Myrddin Wyllt. Geoffrey later stitches the composite Ambrose-Merlin into a quite separate British myth, the tale of King Arthur.

These dragons prove to be symbolic: the Red Dragon stands for the Britons (Celts) and the White Dragon for the Saxons. Merlin, who is presented as a kind of English Daniel, subsequently embarks on an apocalyptic prophecy of the history of England from the withdrawal of the Roman legions in 410, in which the fight between the White Dragon and the Red figures prominently.

Questions for Critics

1. What is the author aiming to achieve in writing this?

2. Note any words, devices or turns of phrase that strike you. How do they help the author communicate his ideas more effectively?

3. What impression does this passage make on you? How might you put that impression into words?

Based on The English Critic (1939) by NL Clay, drawing on The New Criticism: A Lecture Delivered at Columbia University, March 9, 1910, by J. E. Spingarn, Professor of Comparative Literature in Columbia University, USA.

Read Next

Wenceslaus: A Life for a Life

By Divine providence, the shocking murder of Good King Wenceslas led to a flowering of Christian faith in Europe.

Rest Cure

Whenever Charles Dickens felt his exhausting workload was starting to take its toll, he knew just what to do.

Leslie Howard

Howard gave his life to saving the ‘great gifts and strange inconsistencies’ of Britain’s unique democracy.